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No. 106 Fuze
Number 106 Fuze was the first British instantaneous percussion artillery fuze, first tested in action in late 1916 and deployed in volume in early 1917.
==Background==
Britain entered World War I with a policy of using shrapnel shells for its field guns (13 pounder and 18-pounder), intended to burst above head-height for anti-personnel use. British heavy artillery was expected to attack fortifications, requiring high-explosive shells to penetrate the target to some extent before exploding. Hence British artillery fuzes were optimised for these functions. Experience of trench warfare on the Western front in 1914–1916 indicated that British artillery was unable to reliably destroy barbed-wire barricades, which required shells to explode instantaneously on contact with the wire or ground surface: British high-explosive shells would penetrate the ground before exploding, rendering them useless for destroying surface targets.
British No. 100 and later No. 101, 102 and 103 nose "graze" fuzes available in the field from August 1915 onwards〔Ministry of Munitions History 1922. Volume X The Supply of Munitions. Part V: Gun Ammunition Filling and Completing. Page 55.〕 could explode a high-explosive shell very quickly on experiencing a major change in direction or velocity, but were not "instantaneous": there was still some delay in activation, and also had limited sensitivity: they could not detect contact with a frail object like barbed wire or soft ground surface. Hence they would penetrate objects or ground slightly before detonating, instead of above ground as required for wire cutting.〔"Compared with the French 75-mm H.E. which gave instantaneous effect on graze or burst very soon after ricochet, the British 18-pdr. H.E. shell that buried themselves on graze or burst from 10 to 15 ft. in the air after ricochet were comparatively valueless for wire-cutting". History of the Ministry of Munitions Volume X Part II, page 5, on the situation in early 1916.〕 These graze and impact fuzes continued to be used as intended for medium and heavy artillery high-explosive shells.
Up to and including the Battle of the Somme in 1916, British forces relied on shrapnel shells fired by 18-pounder field guns and spherical high-explosive bombs fired by 2-inch "plum-pudding" mortars for cutting barbed-wire defences. The disadvantage of shrapnel for this purpose was that it relied on extreme accuracy on setting the fuze timing to burst the shell close to the ground just in front of the wire: if the shell burst fractionally too short or too long it could not cut the wire, and also the spherical shrapnel balls were not of an optimal shape for cutting strands of wire. While the 2-inch mortar bombs cut wire effectively, their maximum range of limited their usefulness.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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